Asha Accredited Social Health Activist Health And Social Care Essay

On June 26, 1965, a twelvemonth before the Cultural Revolution ( 1966-76 ) in China, Mao Zedong in a address condemned the urban focal point of health care and urged physicians to better medical conditions for the rural batch. These physicians were subsequently dubbed as â€Å" The barefoot physicians, † as these physicians were husbandmans who worked in the Paddy Fieldss, barefoot. With a medicine kit on one shoulder and a profligate on another, the small ruddy book of Mao citations in one manus and a Mao badge pinned on their shirts – this iconic image of Chinese barefoot physicians changed the urban prejudice of the medical system of the clip. The shoeless physicians plan was integrated with China ‘s National policy after the Cultural Revolution, blossoming an epoch of concerted community engagement in health care, perchance for the first clip at such a monolithic graduated table. Looking into the Indian context, both contemporary and in retrospection, one can happen about the same issues that prompted Mao to denote such a strategic and out of the box wellness plan. Give the astronomical, yet skewed, proportions of donees that healthcare systems in both India and china demand to aim, Mao ‘s solution was valid in the Indian context excessively. However, since the types of authoritiess and therefore the manners of administration in Indian and China are poles apart, concept such as primary and societal health care, though dating back to the Bhore Committee Recommendations in 1946, started taking concrete form into the National policy merely through the last two decennaries.The contours of Healthcare in National PolicyThe first 5 twelvemonth program ( 1951-55 ) witnessed a Community Development Programme ( CDP ) , launched as a cover, multipurpose plan designed to make conditions of economic and societal advancement for the whole community. The CDP spanned a cross multiple sectors such as agribusiness, conveyance, societal public assistance and Industries. It provisioned for the creative activity of a Primary Health Centre per Community Development Block ( CDB ) which comprised of about 100 small towns. Apprised of the hapless incursion of Health attention Centres and of a low Healthcare bringing centres to aim population ratio, the Government of India set up the Mudailar Committee in the 2nd program, which recommended restricting the population served by such Centres to 40,000 from 1 hundred thousand. The Rural Health Scheme was launched following the suggestions of The Shrivastav Committee in 1977, whereby a Para-professional and Semi professional wellness worker pool from within the community was created for deeper incursion of the hitherto neglected subdivisions of the population. The Community Health Volunteer-Village Health Guide ( VHG ) was later launched wherein Short term preparations were imparted to community womenfolk apart from a little inducement to work. India as a signer to the Alma Ata Declaration 1978, witnessed an of import survey group on â€Å" Health -An alternate Strategy † commissioned by ICSSR and ICMR ( 1980 ) . While the decisions of the survey group outlined a overplus of spreads that existed in the manner health care was delivered in India, it besides argued that most of these wellness jobs were conformable to be solved at the primary health care degree through community engagement and ownership. It was in this study that the preparation of a comprehensive national wellness policy following an inter-sectoral attack was recommended. A figure of such survey groups were set up in the late seventies, all of which concluded that bing wellness services and manpower had to be ramped up well. Aligned to the Alma Ata Declarations sketching the duty of a province to supply primary health care to its people the 1st National Health Policy ( NHP ) was formed in 1983, which among other policy enterprises, emphasized the function of private and voluntary establishments to back up the authorities in integrating of wellness services in the state, particularly in the rural and backward countries. In the bend of the millenary, despite additions in results and betterments in wellness substructure, India had yet to accomplish the ends enlisted in the first National Health Policy. Almost two decennaries subsequently, The 2nd National Health Policy was formed in 2002, stressing on increasing entree to decentralized public wellness system and puting an increased sectoral portion of allotment out of the entire wellness disbursement to primary wellness attention. The most recent of all policy models sing health care in India has, nevertheless, been the National Rural Health Mission, which was launched in 2005 and which was aimed at an betterment over people ‘s entree to preventive and healing health care, peculiarly in the rural countries. It is viewed as an ‘architectural rectification ‘ of the Indian public Health system to enable it to beef up public wellness direction and service bringing in the state. It envisages appropriate wellness forces to be placed at assorted degrees get downing from the small town degree in to the full functional wellness Centres with equal linkages across degrees. The Sub-centre is the most peripheral and of import degree of contact with the community under the public wellness substructure. This caters to a population norm of 5000, but is efficaciously serves a much larger population at the Sub-centre degree, particularly in 8 Empowered Action Group ( EAG ) States. With merely about 50 % MultiPurposeWorker MPW ( M ) being available in these States, the Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife ( ANM ) was to a great extent overworked, which impacted outreach services in rural countries. The nature of occupation duties of the Anganwadi workers ( with accent on auxiliary eating and pre-school instruction ) did non let them to take up the duty of a alteration agent on wellness in a small town. Thus a new set of community based officials, named as Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA ) was proposed to make full this nothingness. ASHA would be the first port of call for any wellness related demands of disadvantaged subdivisions of the population, particularly adult females and kids, who find it hard to entree wellness services. In paragraphs that follow, the functions, duties, profiles for ASHA militants have been highlighted, casting visible radiation on the function of these militants in societal and community mobilisation and engagement.Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA )In retrospect, ASHA is frequently called the Resurrection of the Community Health worker ( CHW ) or Village Health Guide ( VHG ) , both about 30 twelvemonth old strategies. However, ASHA is a newer and modified version of these strategies with past lessons learnt, and causes of past failures addressed. As her name suggests, an ASHA is an ‘activist ‘ and non merely another characterless worker in the wellness system. Actually, ASHA is more identifiable with the really successful and the universe celebrated impression of C hinese ‘barefoot physicians ‘ . In fact, ASHA appears to be suited mix of the CHWs and thought of barefoot physicians. ASHA is besides authoritative illustration of the principle and the importance behind the constructs of societal and community mobilisation. Past experiences of policy shapers and research workers sing the theoretical accounts of development and determination devising have made them concentrate upon the importance of societal mobilisation. Methods to better direction of centrally planned plans, enterprises to bring forth critical political will to supply appropriate way and support to development plans, and attempts to affect communities as determination shapers and implementers of their ain development have received considerable attending. Change agents and grassroots organisers have urged the authorization of those sections of society whose engagement and engagement is important in the attempt toward equity and justness. The construct of ASHA is based on the wide graduated table motion to prosecute people ‘s engagement in accomplishing a specific development end through auton omous attempts. It is a planned decentralised procedure easing alteration for development in health care bringing mechanism through a scope of participants engaged in interconnected and complementary attempts. Most significantly, it takes into history the felt demands of the people, embraces the critical rule of community engagement, and seeks to authorise persons and groups for action. The functions and duties of an ASHA are designed and spun around the larger ends of community engagement and societal mobilisation in the health care bringing system. Her activism in footings of consciousness on wellness, its societal determiners enables community mobilisation towards local wellness planning and facilitates increased use and answerability of the bing wellness services. She is a booster of good wellness patterns, supplying a minimal bundle of healing attention as appropriate and executable for a degree and doing timely referrals. What follows in the remainder of this write up is an analysis of how these wellness militants are playing an instrumental function in societal engagement and mobilisation of the community, equity in the entree to wellness attention and decrease in exposure of communities to ill wellness through community authorization by turn toing the societal determiners of wellness.How the Roles and Responsibilities of ASHA are aligned to Social mobilisati on.Mobilization involves alteration, and alteration involves complex interaction among groups in different sections of society who hold divergent attitudes, values and involvements. Isolated efforts to affect assorted groups are non plenty. Keeping this in head the functions of ASHA have been carefully defined to show in alteration at the community degree. An analysis of how the some functions and duties are aligned towards societal alteration is listed below. ASHA creates consciousness and provides information to the community on determiners of wellness such as nutrition, basic sanitation & A ; hygienic patterns, healthy life and on the job conditions, information on bing wellness services and the demand for timely use of wellness & A ; household public assistance services. Therefore, capacitating groups and communities of hapless adult females to utilize this information as a agency and a right in their battle to critically understand their world and the causes of several evitable medical conditions, doing them objects, and at the same clip, assisting them to transform and retrace their world in conditions of liberty, doing them topics of such a transmutation. ASHA gives reding to adult females on birth readiness, importance of safe bringing, breastfeeding, immunisation, contraceptive method and bar of common infections including Reproductive Tract Infection/Sexually Transmitted Infection ( RTIs/STIs ) and counsels them on how to take attention of the immature kid. Such valuable information empowers these vulnerable subdivisions to better grok the importance of healthy patterns. ASHA aims to mobilise the community and ease them in accessing wellness and wellness related services available at the village/sub-centre/primary wellness Centres, such as Immunization, Ante Natal ( ANC ) and Post Natal Check-up ( PNC ) , ICDS, and other services being provided by the authorities. This function assumes a degree of internalisation and psychological satisfaction, which is deep plenty to do the community, proprietors of the mobilization procedure, and which is besides a stipulation for sustainability Her function as the supplier of primary medical attention and propagator of life salvaging preventative and healing information is premised on constructing up cognition bases by adult females based on positive elements in their ain cognition system and entree to the many pools of modern cognition. ASHA builds trust and credence by offering healing clinics as its first enterprise with a community. As trust is developed, they are able to call up and develop adult females wellness voluntaries and traditional birth attenders. Further mobilization occurs through adult females ‘s action groups ( Mahila Mandals ) , which discuss wellness and societal issues. These groups progressively become involved in bettering their overall wellness conditions by their ain direct action or buttonholing the gm panchayet.Why is it of import that wellness programmes are owned by the people and how ASHA is doing a alteration?One of ASHA ‘s cardinal schemes is empowerment and development of human potency and consciousness with regard to community wellness and good being. In the outworking of this scheme, the vulnerable progressively gain ownership of the programme. Second, community engagement occurs through the formation of the adult females ‘s action groups, and other such Self Help Groups. In India, the basic Torahs are merely, but frequently hapless people do non hold the assurance or they were withal to entree these rights. These action groups give adult females the chance to voice their jobs and work with neighbors to happen solutions. They gain self assurance to talk out for themselves and have been well more effectual in act uponing sustainable wellness results. ASHA besides interact with SHG Groups, if available in the small towns, along with AWW, so that a work force of adult females will be available in all the small towns. They jointly organize look into up of pregnant adult females, their transit for safe institutional bringing to a pre-identified functional wellness installation. They besides organize wellness insurance at the local degree for which the Medical Officer and others could supply necessary proficient aid. Besides, the construct of an ASHA is coupled with its cheques and balances so that it can accomplish its fullest potency in conveying about existent and sustainable alterations in the health care bringing mechanism and the range of wellness services. Periodic studies are envisaged under NRHM in every small town to measure the betterment brought approximately by ASHA and other intercessions. This facet of an ASHA ‘s service to the small town wellness helps supervise the terminal end of such an inaugural – sustainable community health care.ASHA: An establishment in the devising?Institutionalization, per Se, is a something that talks about how, over a span of clip, a certain manner of making things becomes the norm in a society and how an full society starts following such a norm. In India, a societal health care and its moralss have been crude and disused or worse still, about absent. Institutionalization in health care would necessitate a alteration in the attitude and a sense of trust demands to be fostered among the facilitators of wellness deliverables and the donees of the same. A sense of ownership of self-health and community health is a requirement excessively since this feeling of ownership would organize the base of any such establishment. So far in this write up, we saw how ASHAs are redefining the manner rural health care is delivered. Let us now analyse that merely about how an ASHA is a instance of possible institutionalization, and in bend an enabler of community development. While Institutionalization and its signifiers encompass multiple factors, these factors can efficaciously be categorized into under 3 wide determiners viz. ,Internal enabling environmentStructure that supports and facilitates institutionalization, andSupport mapsThe undermentioned subdivision throws light on how these properties of institutionalization are ingrained into an ASHA ‘s operating rules.Internal enabling environmentPolicy An ASHA plants under clear written directives of the NRHM, and has written policies back uping quality through clearly communicated directions/directives and supplying support, counsel, and support for quality betterment, an built-in portion of such activism. Such clearly defined policies help these militants to keep their focal point every bit good as be cognizant of the terminal end of their work. Leadership An ASHA is a leader who works straight and openly to better wellness by puting precedences, advancing a acquisition ambiance, and going a equivalent word of the paradigm alteration in the lives of people every bit far as rural wellness is concerned. Core values Since an ASHA is a adult female from the same small town where she finally works, her nucleus values are compatible to that of the donees of her facilitations. When a vulnerable subdivision deprived of modern cognition sees one of its ain people taking a alteration, and therefore starts accepting the norms set thereby, institutionalization is facilitated. Resources As respects directives and defined policies, an ASHA has been allocated sufficient homo and material resources for carry oning, back uping, and keeping wellness consciousness and betterment activities in the NRHM.A Structure that supports and facilitates institutionalizationInstitutionalization needs clip, and another of import characteristic that is needed for a procedure, or societal mobilisation plan to be institutionalised is a strong support construction. Such a support construction is non a â€Å" right † or â€Å" the right † construction, but needs to be effectual construction. In this peculiar instance of an ASHA, the support structures vary and here ‘s why. A support construction of a socially focused plan is mostly dependent on the political, technological and economic environment in which the plan operates. Health being a province topic and the huge economic disparities that exist amongst assorted provinces in India make certain that the operating environments are non unvarying for ASHA. While in some provinces ASHAs are already an establishment, with phenomenal decrease in MMR and other indexs of overall wellness, in other provinces these militants are still to happen solid land for doing existent alterations. Such a support construction entails Where the inadvertence of such activism prevarications, which includes puting strategic waies, puting precedences and monitoring of advancement. Coordination amongst assorted degrees of the health care concatenation and bringing mechanisms. ASHA ‘s duties and functions cut across several service bringing and authorities plans such as their dependance on the Auxiliary Nurse Midwives and the Anganwadi workers. Institutionalization of the ASHA plan would depend a batch upon how seamless such coordination really is. The true construction for Institutionalization in a plan is manifested in how the functions for executing activities are divided and/or delegated within the plan. The functions and duties of ASHA in this regard are clearly defined and their terminal ends etched out obviously. Accountability is another of import factor for a societal plan to travel on to go an establishment. Keeping with this organisational fact, the ASHA plan is monitored closely by plan direction groups and besides Periodic studies are envisaged under NRHM in every small town to measure the betterment brought approximately by ASHA.Essential Support mapsSupport maps provide support to the â€Å" staff † of such community oriented societal plans to set about, prolong and populate up to the existent challenges of their function in the rhythm of alteration. ASHA when seen under this visible radiation is non merely another wellness worker in the betterment of the health care bringing mechanism but is an â€Å" militant † , whose function in taking this alteration is polar. So any plan which is en path the way of institutionalization requires that its systems and policies guarantee Capacity edifice, which in this instance is done through regular preparations and meetings of the ASHA militants with ANM and Anganwadi workers. The preparation plans are designed in manner which ensures Provision of basic expertness — such that these ASHAs on initiation receive initial and go oning cognition and accomplishment development in preventative and healing health care techniques and inter-personal communicating accomplishments Ongoing coaching and mentoring — such an property to the preparation of ASHAs which ensures a â€Å" civilization of quality † . This in bend helps in doing sustained attempts towards the terminal end. Supervision – supportive supervising of ASHA are established at assorted degrees and regular interface meetings of ASHA are designed to guarantee a proper input to end product and feedback mechanisms. Such meetings and supervisings occur at the Sector Level Block Level District Level. Communication mechanisms, which guarantee that communicating of new criterions and new policies of wellness and betterment activities, increasing the likeliness of credence of and conformity with such enterprises. In ASHA ‘s instance this ensures that the rural population and peculiarly the vulnerable subdivisions feel and understand that health care is everyone ‘s concern and it ‘s their excessively. In the terminal, an equal and balanced wages system plays a critical function in prolonging the focal point of ASHA militants, furthering a sense of committedness to quality and motive to endeavor for excellence. Such a wages system besides identifies the deterrences to workers that presently exist and address them consequently. Again, in ASHA ‘s instance while such reward systems exist in some provinces, in other provinces the deficiency of adequate and a merely wages systems to ASHA workers could turn out to be a hurdle towards pan institutionalization of this wellness plan.ASHA: The land worldsASHA, the flagship plan of the National Rural Health Mission is non the first plan on rural wellness in India but the attending it drew from wellness militants and wellness forces is phenomenal. This addition in outlooks from this plan is attributed to multiple factors, such as the authorities ‘s initial committedness towards a phased addition in healthcare disbursement as a per centum of the GDP from less than 1 % to 2-3 % . While policymakers conceptualised NRHM, they did it with an oculus towards run intoing the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) , of which India is a signer. That, holding been said, even 5 old ages after the NRHM was launched, there are still issues associating to ASHA, the flagship plan of the NRHM. Although ASHA has most of the ingredients needed to turn into an establishment of kinds, but the issues that the societal plan faces today are manifold. Abrasion is one major job that this plan faces. Since ASHA is a chief stakeholder in the plan and it has non been planned that what should be done if an ASHA leaves the wellness system. While there are commissariats for an ASHA ‘s initiation into the wellness system, the choice is clip devouring and besides sufficient preparations have to be re-imparted to the new ASHA. Second, the dependance of an ASHA on Anganwadi workers ( AWW ) and Auxiliary Nurse Midwife ( ANM ) is apparent and there are increasing Numberss of instances where other officials in the system get down deputing their work to ASHAs. Furthermore, other than a provinces, most provinces are still to supply infrastructural installations ( dedicated edifices etc. ) to stand in Centres so that ASHAs can transport out their duties efficaciously. A batch more focal point is needed towards the uninterrupted and on the occupation preparations to maintain them motivated and abreast with latest intercessions and attacks towards community healthcare betterment. This would non merely do a universe of good to the ASHAs themselves in footings of their ego assurance and knowledge possible but besides heighten the assurance of the rural batch. While ASHA appears to be a well designed plan, with all the necessities for an ideal community based plan, there are still a batch of spreads to be addressed across degrees. While it would be early to foretell its result in footings of success or failure given the broad and diverse mark donees of this plan, the necessary political will, bureaucratic streamlining and private non net income motivations need to be channelled decently for this societal plan to transfigure into an establishment and a theoretical account for future wellness intercessions. Besides, deserving mentioning is the function of rural directors here, who with an apprehension of modern direction techniques coupled with the demands of the donees of such wellness plans can set the losing pieces of the mystifier together.

Importance of consumer centric approach marketing Essay

           A consumer centric approach is a method in marketing that focuses on the needs and wants of an individual consumer (Kaufmann & Mohammed 302). The approach does not deal with customers like the mass market. It makes constant interaction with the customers. This is done so as to get information that makes a business understand what are customers’ expectations, perceptions and desires. By acquiring all the necessary information the business is able to design new and best strategies to increase its loyalty in the services and products. The businesses also use this approach to increase the customer’s satisfaction. The customer centric is like focusing on what the customers’ value in life. After finding that value is when the business can dedicate its efforts on a particular high value customer segment. Internal and external factors associated with consumer-centric             According to Jham & Puri (3) there are internal and external factors that affect the consumer- centric method from identifying the customers’ behavior. They make it difficult for a business and its consumer to have an interaction. The external factors are the environmental influences and the internal factors are the individual differences. The external factors such as social class, personal influence, attitudes and family: complicate the consumer’s decisions (Jham & Puri 3). The internal factors include; motivation knowledge, personality, attitudes, lifestyle, consumers’ resources and values. They also affect the consumer’s decisions. The consumer resource as part of internal factors; reflects on time and money. It is difficult to establish an interaction with the consumer if he or she is not financially stable. The most crucial factor is behavior. Most of the customer’s can buy the product out of convenience not because they bel ieve in the brand. Why do we need to focus on consumers?            The customers are very important in a business. They are the ones who determine the success of any organization. When an organization focus on consumer satisfaction; it becomes easy to find some metric that it can use to improve its business. However, it also becomes easy to manage the selling of the products and services. Concentrating on consumers has advantages to the business. It helps the business identify the consumer’s loyalty (Beard 1). The consumers’ acts like advocates in a business. They can help the business grow. A satisfied customer is able to share with others the goodness of the product or a service. This help increase the rate of consumers in a certain business. They are like small marketers or â€Å"evangelists.† Unhappy customer results to a risk of losing many consumers in the business. This is because of the negative word of mouth.               Concentrating on consumer help bring differentiation (Beard 1). A market is a competitive place that every business fights to get more customers. In order to succeed in this kind of environment one need to focus customer satisfaction. The customer can only choose to associate with the business that satisfies them. They find that kind of businesses unique and different from others. Customer satisfaction reduces Churning. Poor services make customers want to experience products from the competitors. A certified customer does not find it necessary to experience the quality of other products. In a business, it is very expensive and difficult to acquire new customers. The organization may spend resources on marketing and adverts so as to acquire more customers. The best option to avoid these circumstances is by retaining customers through satisfaction. It is the only way for a business to succeed. Consumer-centric in companies          Customer centric marketing is used by many companies in the world today. The companies that use this approach become knowledgeable on ways to enhance their products and services. However, the consumer-centric companies have more qualities compared to others. They are accessible. The customers find it easy to connect with them. They are responsive. They are able to reach out to their customers by different channels and respond to their suggestions and needs. Customer centric marketing (CRM) has been upgraded into eCRM in many companies (Kaufmann & Mohammed 302). The advances in the technology have changed the way consumers such for information of the products they need. The old CRM did not satisfy the needs of all consumers.             With the help of the new technology both eCRM with traditional CRM are now used by companies to enhance consumer quality service standards. The eCRM is a new tool being used by many companies to enhance their marketing skills. This is because it allows transferring of information across channels through the data driven tools. The companies that use eCRM are able to increase consumer satisfaction, their services and loyalty. However, some of them have increased online sell through this new technology. Customer centric companies have large market share compared to others. This is because they are able to reach out the market through â€Å"customer satisfaction.† This is very important thing. Other companies that do not have CRM have small market share. The business can only have a large market share by being the heart of the consumers. Concept of relationship marketing in consumer-centric approach            Relationship marketing is a concept in the business related to Consumer-centric marketing. Its main agenda is to achieve the consumer’s loyalty. The approach makes sure the businesses have interaction and long term engagement with the consumers (Learning business 1). The approach allows open communication with customers and gives them information suited for their needs. It makes the business develop an emotional connection or relationship with the customer. This approach is same as the consumer-centric. It deals with loyalty and developing a good interaction with the consumers. It has the same agenda of satisfying consumers. The methods used in relationship marketing apply in CRM. They use methods such as; marketing campaigns. This can be used by the CRM to promote organizations, the products, special offers and the brand.             Methods such as competitive prices, excellent customer services and quality products are essential in providing a good relationship with the customers (Learning marketing 1). They lead to best buyer- consumer relationship. They are the best methods of retaining customers in a business. However, the relationship marketing monitoring methods used to ensure customer satisfaction are appropriate for CRM. Personal interview by use of questionnaires or phone calls is best to find out consumers view regarding products and services. The mystery shoppers can also be applied. They include suggestion boxes, online surveys. Customer complaints and customers’ general comments are also important. They help business know where they stand in the market. The CRM help the business to come up with the best market segmentation. It is because they can know the needs of each individual in a certain area. The fit of marketing offering in consumer-centric approach             Marketing offering is appropriate when using the consumer- centric approach. It is because it deals with additional values to the customers (Hunt 1). In order to deliver values such as availability, technical support, convenient delivery or quality service; CRM is the right approach. It deals with maintaining a good relationship with the consumers. Adding the values to CRM helps the consumers be more loyal and trust the products or services. The offering marketing fits in the CRM because before it is carried out. The business needs to understand customers’ important factors. They help understand if the products are supportive or convenient. The convenience acts like a differentiator between the values offered to that of the competitors. The offerings are determinants whether the customer can buy from a certain company or not. They also involve the customer service similar to the CRM. If a business responds to the request of customers immediately; it gives t hem confidence. Conclusion               Customer- centric is a good approach for business. It enable establish a good relationship between the business and consumers. However, it responds to customers request which a very important aspect. Customer satisfaction is a very important thing. Consumers determine the growth of the business. They are advocates. A business that practices consumer satisfaction has a competitive differentiation. However they do not experience churning since their services and products are convincing than others. CRM is related to the relationship market. All this approaches are interested in customers’ loyalty. They are approaches that help the business acquire a large market share. Customers’ are always attracted with satisfaction than any other thing in the product or service. Reference Beard, R. Why customer satisfaction is very important (6 reasons). (2014). Retrieved on 27th February 2015. < http://blog.clientheartbeat.com/why-customer-satisfaction-is-important/> Hunt, Shelby D.  Marketing Theory: Foundations, Controversy, Strategy, Resource-Advantage Theory. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2010. Print. Jham, Vimi, and Sandeep Puri.  Cases on Consumer-Centric Marketing Management. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference, 2014. Internet resource.Kaufmann, Hans R, and Mohammad F. A. K. Panni.  Customer-centric Marketing Strategies: Tools for Building Organizational Performance. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference, 2013. Print. Learning marketing. (2014). Relationship marketing. Retrieved on 27th February 2015.< http://www.learnmarketing.net/relationshipmarketing.htm> Source document

Autobiographical Sketch of the Political Career Of John F. Kennedy

Virtually all of my early life revolved around politics, and both my older brother and I understood we were meant for high office. My father, Joseph P. Kennedy often said that his son would be America’s first Catholic president. He would prove to be prophetic. After the war, in 1946, I conducted my first campaign for congress (jfk library n.d.), enlisting the help of my sisters, my mother and my popular grandfather, going door-to-door on crutches as I recovered from my war wounds. I was elected on my first try. My goal from the beginning was the presidency of the United States and I used my family’s money and political connections toward that end. I first had to have a national platform and I chose to seek a seat in the U.S. Senate. I was elected in 1953 and immediately began my assault on the next obstacle. In 1956 I broke a tradition of the Democratic Party by actively seeking the nomination for vice-present on the ticket headed by Adlai Stevenson (White House.gov n.d.). My brother Robert once joked that that I have been saved from that mistake by being denied the nomination, as Stevenson lost to the sitting president, Dwight Eisenhower, in a landslide. Still this honed my political skills and allowed me to build a national base for my assault on the presidential nomination in four years. In 1960 I was elected 35th president of the United States in the closest election ever conducted, narrowly beating out the sitting vice-president, Richard Nixon (ibid). On November 22 of 1963 I made an ill-fated trip to Texas to mend some political fences within the party. I over-rode the advice of my security detail, which wanted me to ride in a limo with a bulletproof canopy. I wanted the crowd to have a better view of my wife and me as we drove past them on the narrow streets of Dallas on a beautiful sunny day.   As we were clear of the downtown canyon shots rang out and I was assassinated as my wife and a cheering crowd looked on in horror. I was the youngest man ever elected president and the youngest man to die in office. Works Cited John F. Kennedy Library and Museum     Biographies and Profiles: Kenneth P. O’Donnell   Retrieved 3-2-08 from: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/Kenneth+P.+ODonnell.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The White House  Ã‚   John Kennedy   Retrieved 3-2-08 from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html Autobiographical Sketch of the Political Career Of John F. Kennedy Virtually all of my early life revolved around politics, and both my older brother and I understood we were meant for high office. My father, Joseph P. Kennedy often said that his son would be America’s first Catholic president. He would prove to be prophetic. After the war, in 1946, I conducted my first campaign for congress (jfk library n.d.), enlisting the help of my sisters, my mother and my popular grandfather, going door-to-door on crutches as I recovered from my war wounds. I was elected on my first try. My goal from the beginning was the presidency of the United States and I used my family’s money and political connections toward that end. I first had to have a national platform and I chose to seek a seat in the U.S. Senate. I was elected in 1953 and immediately began my assault on the next obstacle. In 1956 I broke a tradition of the Democratic Party by actively seeking the nomination for vice-present on the ticket headed by Adlai Stevenson (White House.gov n.d.). My brother Robert once joked that that I have been saved from that mistake by being denied the nomination, as Stevenson lost to the sitting president, Dwight Eisenhower, in a landslide. Still this honed my political skills and allowed me to build a national base for my assault on the presidential nomination in four years. In 1960 I was elected 35th president of the United States in the closest election ever conducted, narrowly beating out the sitting vice-president, Richard Nixon (ibid). On November 22 of 1963 I made an ill-fated trip to Texas to mend some political fences within the party. I over-rode the advice of my security detail, which wanted me to ride in a limo with a bulletproof canopy. I wanted the crowd to have a better view of my wife and me as we drove past them on the narrow streets of Dallas on a beautiful sunny day.   As we were clear of the downtown canyon shots rang out and I was assassinated as my wife and a cheering crowd looked on in horror. I was the youngest man ever elected president and the youngest man to die in office. Works Cited John F. Kennedy Library and Museum     Biographies and Profiles: Kenneth P. O’Donnell   Retrieved 3-2-08 from: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/Kenneth+P.+ODonnell.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The White House  Ã‚   John Kennedy   Retrieved 3-2-08 from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html

Homework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework - Case Study Example Determination of the cause of an incident is informed by classification of that incident accordingly. Incident reaction – An actual incident is respondent to, and it is this response(s) that is associated with incident reaction. Once an actual incident has been identified, all the activities directed to that incident constitute a response that is hereby referred to as the reaction. Incident recovery – Recovery is realized after all responsive activities have been executed. It is after containing the incident and successfully regaining systems control that the recovery step begins. This step entails assessing the extent of realized damage, restoring any needed data and/ or services in that line, frequent system examination and monitoring, and getting all stakeholders back in track within the organization. Strategies for containment vary from one organization to another, with the commonly used being disconnection of communication sources, application of filtering rules, and incident monitoring (Socha 203). External attacks are contained through disconnecting communication sources that have been impacted. Doing so safeguards the organization against external networks. Rules used for filtering purposes basically restrain network access based on their respective types. Finally, the incident can be monitored as a specific course of action is being undertaken. These strategies are tailored towards ensuring that the incident is stopped, and that systems control is successfully recovered. The document highlights the process of contingency planning and all the activities involved in ensuring that the panning process is a success. The various types of plans associated with contingency planning for IT systems are presented and their functionality described. It is noted that the planning process is significantly different from the actual plan development. The varying processes and activities that uniquely define the two

Sport Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Sport Psychology - Essay Example It attempts to deal with the modus operandi for analysis of an athlete’s sport and the importance of specific techniques to be adopted for assessment of an athlete. Given the fact that the quest for the mental edge in competition is what sport psychology is all about, it is aimed at bridging the identified gaps by an appropriately designed psychological skills training programme. Every human being is uniquely endowed with an uncanny range of skills, depending on a wide range of physical, environmental and genetic factors. Sporting excellence too is a by-product of the balance of opposites like planning and intuition, emotion and rationale, and risk taking and restraint. In the context of any sport, high levels of performance are often a reflection of one’s ability to display these multi-faceted skills comprehensively, on demand; some can be straightaway correlated to core body performance, while some others may have bearing with the complex dual effect of mind-body responses. Any modern sport demands a judicious mix of core body performance as well as mind-body combo output with a tilt more towards the latter, which in turn is linked to one’s ability to learn, develop and perfectly master the motor performance. Motor performance in simple terms is one’s ability to learn, develop and store information for reproduction and display of a wid e range of ‘skills’, when needed. Any sport per se being competitive in nature, there is an inherent and consistent need for a healthy comparison of one individual with another or a team of sportsmen with another team, by scientifically acceptable means, with a view to raise the performance bar. It would in real terms imply comparison of the performance linked attributes of one with those of the other. Ready availability of ways and means of doing the comparison with an appropriate rationale would be the ideal prerequisites for the assessment of any sportsman or athlete, to probe

Qualities of a great leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualities of a great leader - Essay Example The enthusiastic personality has proven to be a very effective motivator. They are optimistic and endeavor to boost the moral of others by giving them recognition. Leaders â€Å"who are skilled in understanding interpersonal relations and psychological needs will inspire their whole team by motivating each person through supportive insight, respect, and recognition† (Hart, 1997, p. 48). However, this personality type is over-emotional, has a tough time concentrating on a task and lacks proficient time management ability. They are not assertive, tend to not be judgmental and craves acceptance. The dominant personality craves authority over others and is concerned with obtaining instantaneous results. They pride themselves on making quick decisions and readily accept challenges. This personality is not comfortable being under someone else’s control and prefers to be in charge of multiple activities. They usually have innovative ideas, can problem solve on their own and are sure in their decisions. Unfortunately, these decisions can be hurried and not fully thought out. If those of this personality type are able to modify their shortcomings by exercising greater caution, considering other people’s feelings and becoming more detailed oriented, they are normally some of the most effective leaders (Squier, 2007). A conscientiousness personality performs their duties meticulously while focusing on accuracy and quality. This person is detail oriented and methodically weighs the merits of every situation and is diplomatic when interacting with others. Unlike the domineering but similar to the steady personality, this type performs better when the implementation requirements expectations are plainly spelled out. These people exude a business-like, reserved personality and are likely to question authority figures because they must

Management of Organizational Behavior. Leadership Essay

Management of Organizational Behavior. Leadership - Essay Example A situational leadership is comprised upon an art of observing and dealing people to make effective changes according to the behavior, situations and sensitivity of a task (Patricia Zigarmi, 2000). In short, a successful leader has to be versatile with his leadership styles and should act according to the maturity level of his team workers. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT: The topic of leadership is under constant growth and grooming in the organizational sciences since 1920’s and amendments or new theories are being laid continuously to bring the best of the option. Before, situational leadership by Hersey and Blanchard was introduced; different leadership theories were given like Great Man Theory, Trait Theories, Contingency Theory, Situational Theory and Behavioral Theories in which leaders were asked to follow different traits or behavior to get the tasks done (Yi-Hsuan Lee, 2007). Mouton and Blake laid a theory of behavioral leadership with a Managerial Grid, which emphasis on the concerns for people and productions can be done in different ratios which are more workable for a successful leadership. In 1970’s, Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard introduced a new concept of leadership which was based on practical approaches within any organization. Later on different leadership styles were introduced but none fits as best as Situatio nal Leadership by Hersey and Blanchard (Robert D. Cecil, 2006). ... Task behavior could be dealt with complete guidance from when, how, where and with what to begin and relationship behavior allows followers or managers to be involved in discussions for different decisive issues. In other words, Relationship behavior offers a freedom for followers. Leaders can follow four leadership styles which were introduced by Hersey and Blanchard as guidance to act and demand according to a situation (Hersey, P. 1977). S1 (telling): Style 1 refers to the high task and low relationship behavior in which each and every task as how, when, where to be done is explained. S2 (selling): Style 2 refers to a balance of both task and relationship behavior in which followers are asked to communicate with the leader before starting any new task. S3 (participating): Style 3 refers to a low task and high relationship behavior in which followers are trusted for their endless efforts and dedication towards an organization. S4 (delegating): Style 4 refers to a low profile with b oth low task and low relationship behaviors in which the maturity level of the followers are completely incompatible with the work requirements and the leader has to delegate from top to bottom to get the work done. All these styles are adopted according to the maturity level of the followers. RESPONSE TO BLAKE AND MOUTON: In response to Blake and Mouton’s article â€Å"How to choose leadership style† published in February, 1982, Hersey and Blanchard appreciated the effort made by Blake and Mouton but Hersey and Blanchard responded well to this controversy by redefining that Grid talks about attitudinal dimensions and Hersey and Blanchard are more towards observed behaviors. In short, Grid interprets the values and attitudes of the followers and predicts to work with

International Aspects Of Business Law Coursework - 1

International Aspects Of Business Law - Coursework Example One of the event was several boxes were dropped by the crane during loading of the consignment. It occurred due to overloading of the net through which the boxes were lifted. Secondly, the carrier during the course of voyage also encountered rough weather conditions. Now the matter of concern for the buyer namely, Nee Soon Wat was the extent of damage of materials in the dropped boxes. But after inspection of the dropped boxes he found that the objects were intact. So he formally accepted the goods and paid Sefton Toys for the consignment. But at the time of unloading of the consignment it was discovered that rest of the uninspected shipment got affected largely due to shifting during the rough weather of the voyage. The improperly stowed cargo was the reason for shifting of the boxes. Furthermore, some serious mistake in the date of the paper works related to bill of lading is also present. Some information regarding the shipping terms are also provided in this case study to resolve this problem. Those are: firstly, during this transaction shipping terms were under Incoterms 2000. Secondly, the contract made by them expressed to be subject to the UN Convention on Sales 1980 (Vienna Convention). Findings from the statements of law The contract between Sefton Toy’s and Nee Soon Wat was based on two contractual laws; Incoterms 2000 and UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. According to, UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods the obligations of buyers and sellers are given below which will help to resolve this case. Obligations of the seller According to this Convention generally the obligations from seller’s end is the delivery of goods along with documents in conformity with the contract. This Convention also made supplementary rules which can be used in absence of agreement of contract. These rules states how, when and where the obligations should be performed by the sellers. It also provides numer ous rules about the seller’s obligations regarding quality of the commodities being sold. It suggests the seller must convey the commodities matching to the quality, quantity and description which are requisites of the buyer defined in the contract. The goods to be also packaged and marked according to the requisites of the buyer described in the contract. One significant rule which involve seller’s obligation is that the delivered merchandise should be free from third party rights or claims. There is another rule which is connected with the buyer’s obligation that is to inspect the goods. If any lack of conformity is discovered by the buyer in accord to the contract he must serve a notice within a rational period. It must be within 2 years from the delivery date of the consignment. (United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International, p.38) Obligations of the buyer According to this convention the obligations from the buyer’s end are making the payment for the goods and accepting the delivery in accordance to the contract. During making payment it also includes performance of duties

Effects of Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effects of Alcohol - Essay Example Besides, majority of the teenagers are not found to be a part of responsibilities. Mostly they are college or high-school students seeking to experience activities like smoking, drinking etc. For teenagers drinking starts with the concept of "exploring", all they want is just to discover and explore the taste like they have tasted never before. After they have explored the new "taste", they drink for fun, in friends' gatherings, get together or simply they are convinced to drink by the word of mouth. This "fun" activity takes them to the journey, which is all ended up at the threshold labeled "heavy drinkers". The reductions in alcohol use by adults in their late twenties largely reflect the impacts of new responsibilities associated with engagement, marriage, pregnancy, and parenthood due to which psychologically 'drinking' becomes secondary for them. "Research suggests that parental behavior plays a central role in adolescent use and misuse of alcohol. Parental drinking affects adolescent perception of alcohol misuse in several ways. The children of drinking parents are less likely to see drinking as harmful and more likely to start drinking earlier. Both these attitudes and behaviors, in turn, predict greater alcohol misuse particularly at age 17-18. Parental drinking may also be mediated by friends' alcohol use in predicting alcohol misuse in adolescence". (Abbott et al, 1997, p. 280) One of the main causes for teenage drinking is the fact that they impinge heavily on decisions regarding living arrangements, but there are other important living contexts that may bear important relationships to substance use. Living with one's parents, in a dormitory, with roommates, or living alone offer varying levels of constraint or opportunity with regard to substance use. "Newcomb and Bentler (1985) found significant co variation between substance use and living arrangements, although their work emphasized the selection interpretation of these results. Those living with their parents as young adults reported the lowest levels of alcohol use of any group in adolescence. Those living with roommates, alone, or in "other" arrangements did not evidence distinct patterns of substance use". (Bachman, 1997, p. 24) As far as adults are concerned, many are independent and smart enough to take their own decisions wisely. Their stability refers to the living arrangements in which they ar e not dependant on anyone. If, however they are unstable financially, they drink and in rare cases become heavy drinkers but that does not affect their health as badly as teenage drinking affects. "Employment", one of the main reasons of drug use refers to those complex situations, which results in varying results depending on what aspect of employment is under consideration. The costs and benefits of employment in adolescence have been the subject of some

Benthams version of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Benthams version of Utilitarianism Essay Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that shows the reasons for a person choosing to carry out an action it justifies an action being for the greater good. Utilitarianism is a teleological theory which means it looks at the consequences or result of an action to decide whether it is subsequently right or wrong this also makes it a consequentialist theory. The theory of Utilitarianism began with Jeremy Bentham. Benthams theory of Utilitarianism is where actions are judged based upon the pleasure gained in the result. Jeremy Bentham was the man who originally thought of and came up with the idea of Utilitarianism, he believed in the greatest good for the greatest number. There are two types of Utilitarianism; Benthams theory is Act Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism is about creating the greatest amount of pleasure in a particular situation through a particular action. Bentham believed and used research to conclude that people would naturally seek pleasure and avoid pain. Nature had placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do as well as to determine what we shall do. (Bentham) Bentham truly believed that pleasure was the purest form of good and pain the sole evil; he saw this as moral fact. This is why Bentham is also known as a hedonist. The hedonists were a group of Greek people who sought to find true pleasure; hedone means pleasure in Greek, this group included people such as Plato and Aristotle who agreed that good was found in the greatest happiness. The principle of utility was a way to find out how good or bad an action was, based on its utility (usefulness). An action that creates the most pleasure and the least pain is a useful one and therefore it is good pain v pleasure. For Bentham good, is the maximum amount of pleasure with the minimum amount of pain afflicted and bad, is pain with little pleasure received. Bentham believed that in any situation a person should think of a solution that will lead to the maximum happiness for the maximum of people. For example, if a man with the cure for cancer and a young child were in a car crash, you would assume to save the life of the child as they are considered to be innocent, however with Benthams theory you should do the maximum amount of good for the maximum amount of people, which means you should save the man. By saving the one man you then save thousands, the action of letting the child die is out weighed by the amount of people you have saved if using Benthams theory. However Bentham knew that it would be hard to predict the outcome of every situation and know which route to take and so in order to help, he came up with the hedonic calculus which you can use to work out which option will produce the greatest amount of pleasure. There are seven factors which you must take into account when choosing what to do in a certain situation; the intensity of the pleasure, the duration of the pleasure, how certain pleasure will be the result, how near the pleasure is to you, how continuous is the pleasure, is there likely to be pain mixed with the pleasure and how widespread will the pleasure be. When faced in a dilemma, Bentham believed that you could chose the good option the option which would do the most amount of good and the least amount of pain. For example, if you are in a plane crash and you could only save one person; your wife, your child or a doctor who has the ability to save many. Bentham believes in this situation you must use the hedonic calculus to form a solution to your problem. The doctor could make thousands of lives better and create much more pleasure than if you save the wife or child, however this tough decision would leave you without pleasure. Following Benthams utilitarianism you must save the doctor. When a decision has to be made over a moral situation, the hedonic calculus is used. In using the hedonic calculus the individuals involved should be considered by applying the seven factors to them in relation to the options for the choice of action you have. Utilitarianism has no serious weakness Discuss It is true that Utilitarianism does have many strengths however it does have weaknesses too. Bentham, Mill, Hare and Singers theories each have their own faults. Utilitarianism is very straight forward and easy to understand. It is very natural for a person to consider the outcome and how much pleasure they will gain before going through with an action. It is a principle that aims to bring people happiness this is very appealing for many in societies. Many of the ideas and theories can be related to specific actions and situations and therefore can be helped out in the process of considering what to do in certain places, for example; giving to charity gives happiness to the poor and is good whereas acting cruelly towards someone is bad. The use of Utilitarianism can be carried out universally. Utilitarianism is not dependant on any religion, culture, race or society as it is about a person or groups happiness. This use of utilitarianism is great because it makes people picture and understand other peoples point of view for example; if you were to hit someone then instead of carrying out the action, you would think about the outcome picture yourself in the other persons shoes understand that pain which you would cause and subsequently stop yourself from hurting them. You have to think of other peoples pleasure and pain rather than just your own. This is mainly used in preference utilitarianism as Hare put it standing in someone elses shoes. The fact that Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory is both good and bad. It is natural for us to weigh up the consequences of an action before carrying it out however it is never going to be easy to always predict the outcome of an action completely right for example; if you go out to steal to help your family survive but then get caught and arrested then you can no longer carry out the good action of helping your family. Utilitarianism may also be argued against because it ignores or seems to ignore the importance of following duties the act itself may be right or wrong for a reason other than the amount of happiness it produces, for example an old friend is on his death bed and asks you to swear that you will give à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 (all of his money when he dies) to his favourite park he used to visit but on the way to handing over the money you see an advert that says it needs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 to save 10,000 people. Out of duty you must give the money to the park however if you are following Utilitarianism your belief is that the money must going into creating the most good/ happiness which would be saving those 10,000 people. W.D Ross believed it was important for you to follow and carry out your duty. Benthams Act utilitarianism although was flexible and relied on the consequences it had no defence for minorities for example; one slave being treated badly but creating happiness for a whole family would be thought of as right. Also it is very impractical having to calculate using the hedonic calculus every decision we make. There is also a difficulty defining what pleasure is for example; a paedophiles pleasure is very different to another persons. Mills Rule utilitarianism is very practical and sets about certain rules for society that must be maintained which can help societies to operate. However there are weaknesses to rule utilitarianism too again there is no defence for minorities or any help at what defines happiness but also this time if you are following rules you could end up obeying them even when more happiness can be created by disobeying them.

Individual Nurse effect on Person-centered Care

Individual Nurse effect on Person-centered Care Provide a critical analysis of how the beliefs, values and attitudes of the nurse may impact upon the provision of person-centered care Introduction The person-centred care approach focuses holistically on the patient as an individual, rather than their diagnosis or symptoms, and ensures that their needs and choices are heard and respected. According to Draper Tetley (2013: n.p.), person-centred care is defined as an approach to nursing that focuses on the individuals personal needs, wants, desires and goals, so that they become central to their care and the nursing process. This can mean putting the persons needs, as they define them, above those identified as priorities by healthcare professionals. Theoretically, this is an achievable aim – nursesas a matter of principle should provide care that respects the diversity of the values, needs, choices and preferences of those in their care – but how can any incongruity between the values, beliefs and attitudes of the patient and those of the nurse be reconciled? Is it inevitable that this dissonance will have a negative impact on the quality of person-centred care be ing provided? This essay will examine the beliefs, values and attitudes of nurses planning and delivering person-centred care, and the impact these issues can have on the provision of that care. Nurses are expected to practice in a caring, knowledgeable, professional, courteous and non-judgemental manner, and the majority do this as a matter of principle, displaying unconditional positive regard for their patients at all times. However, values, beliefs and attitudes are, of course, subjective to each individual, and in the context of delivering person-centred nursing care, it is important to identify those that are holistic and therapeutic, rather than focussing only on those that are not. According to Brink Skott (2013), some diagnoses lead to preconceptions about the individuals receiving them, which subsequently negatively influence their care and treatment. This can be particularly evident in the case of mental illness, which is often mired in stigma, fear, ignorance and discrimination. Research undertaken by Chambers et al (2010: pp. 350) found that Stigma on the part of mental health professionals affects the quality of care provided for those with mental health problems, as well as their rates of recovery. Although nurses working within the field of mental health will obviously have more developed skills and knowledge in this subject than those in other specialities of nursing, it is not inconceivable that nurses may harbour some preconceptions about mental illnesses and those diagnosed with them, which may impact on how positively they deliver care to those patients. Those requiring treatment for alcohol abuse or substance misuse may also experience a less emp athetic experience in the care of nurses, who may feel that the condition is self-inflicted, or that resources may be better utilised elsewhere. This attitude may be even more prevalent in cases of liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, when there may be a misplaced belief that another recipient is more deserving of the organ. Other morbidities which can be perceived as having a self-inflicted element (e.g. obesity, smoking-related illnesses, type-II diabetes, addictions) also have the potential to be perceived negatively by nursing staff, who may lack an appropriate level of empathy and compassion, or make assumptions and pre-conceptions about these patients based on their diagnoses. In a similar manner, patients attempting suicide or deliberately self-harming, may experience stigma, a lack of sympathy and a lack of understanding from nursing staff, especially if the nurse managing their care is also involved in the care of patients suffering from serious illnesses or conditions. Caring for patients attending accident and emergency departments due to para-suicide or deliberate self-harm can evoke extremely negative emotions and attitudes amongst the nursing staff caring for them. Nurses working with such patients report experiencing high levels of ambivalence and frustration. Additionally, deliberately self-harming patients may evoke negative attitudes such as anxiety, anger, and lack of empathy (Ouzouni Nakakis 2013). A suicidal patient voicing their desire to end their life is expressing a wish. However, in the context of person-centred care, it would be difficult to agree that this wish should be considered as a person-centred need. This could be a source of conflict, difficulty and dissonance as balancing the needs and wishes of the patient in this situation, contradicts entirely the nurses duty of care. In such circumstances, it could be argued that the care provided cannot be person-centred, as it is not in line with the patients wishes. Obviously it would be neither legal nor ethical for the nurse to allow a suicidal patient to actively attempt to end their life whilst under their care, or to comply with the patients wishes not to receive treatment if suicide had been attempted. Similar ethical considerations may also influence the treatment of patients undergoing procedures to terminate pregnancy, and may negatively influence the extent to which the care received by the patient is truly person-centred. There have been well-documented cases of nurses refusing to assist with these procedures, or to treat patients who have undergone them post-operatively. Predominantly such cases arise due to a conflict with the religious beliefs, moral convictions and ethical stance of the nurses being asked to assist with these procedures. The Nursing Midwifery Council (2015) states that Nurses and midwives must at all times keep to the principles contained within The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour of nurses and midwives (2015: n.p.). This code states that nurses and midwives who have a conscientious objection must tell colleagues, their manager and the person receiving care that they have a conscientious objection to a particular procedure. They must arrange for a suitably qualified colleague to take over responsibility for that persons care. Nurses and midwives may lawfully have conscientious objections in two areas only. Firstly, Article 4(1) of the Abortion Act 1967 (Scotland, England and Wales). This provision allows nurses and midwives to refuse to participate in the process of treatment which results in the termination of a pregnancy because they have a conscientious objection, except where it is necessary to save the life or prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of a pregnant woman. Secondly, Article 38 of the Human and Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990). This provision allows nurses and midwives the right to refuse to participate in technological procedures to achieve concep tion and pregnancy because they have a conscientious objection. This is a highly contentious and emotive issue, and one which attracts much ongoing debate and argument, and is significant as it can be asked at what point does a nurses own beliefs and values take precedence over their responsibility and duty to care for their patients needs, whatever they might be? Should nurses be permitted to refuse to participate in care procedures that contradict their values or beliefs, or to refuse to provide care to those they deem undeserving? Does this set a worrying precedent for other contentious procedures to be added to the list (gender reassignment surgery for example)? It could be argued that the nurses first responsibility should be their duty of care to their patient, and this surely requires them to take a holistic and person-centred view; a view that should not be clouded by the nurses own values system or moral standpoint. The aspects of person-centred care discussed so far in this essay have been those of a contentious and perhaps, more exceptional nature. However, the more routine, day-to-day aspects of nursing are also susceptible to the influence of nurses values, beliefs and attitudes negatively impacting on the quality of person-centred care provision. Giving patients a greater degree of autonomy over their care can lead to some discord as nurses may feel that their professional expertise is being disregarded, and may be concerned that patients informed opinions and decisions about their care may be detrimental to recovery or good health. This could lead to nurses adopting a didactic attitude in the belief that they know best, when the patient is equally certain that their decision is the right one for them. Nurses must always ensure that they are viewing the patient as a whole person, and not merely an illness or condition to be treated or managed, as this can lead to ambivalence as nurses attem pt to reconcile their desire to deliver effective, evidenced-based care, knowing that patients stated wishes or preferences are contrary to this aim. However, if the patient is deemed to have capacity to make informed decisions about their care and treatment, with all the facts at their disposal, nurses must accept this if good, person-centred care is to be delivered (NHS Choices 2014). In the event that the patient does not have the capacity to make informed decisions (e.g. patients suffering from more advanced forms of dementia), then any known pre-morbid preferences and choices should be documented and adhered to where this is practicable. There is always a danger that individuals with dementia receive care that is task-orientated rather than person-centred. Again, nurses may make assumptions regarding what is best for the patient, rather than respecting their choices and preferences. One of the easiest ways to ensure that care is person-centred is to gather collateral about each patient prior to care or treatment commencing, so a more rounded picture can be formed. This is particularly important when dealing with people from diverse cultural backgrounds, as lack of cultural understanding and tolerance can lead to damaging misconceptions, misunderstandings and unintentional offence, which will not engender good person-centred care. Having some knowledge of patients history and background prior to treatment can be a useful tool in terms of developing appropriate care. The flip-side to this however is that unhelpful stereotypes or prejudices may be formed by nursing staff, based on the current or historical background of the patient. Gender (including gender identify), race, age, religious affiliation, employment status, marital status, and educational and socio-economic background can lead to assumptions (both positive and negative) being formed by nursing staff. W hilst the majority of nurses will treat their patients with unconditional positive regard and courtesy, regardless of issues that may be at odds with their own beliefs, values and attitudes, there will always be a minority who will be affected by such issues, and who will allow it to influence the care they provide. The scale of this issue is difficult to quantify, due to a lack of available evidence-based research, but it could be said that one nurse whose attitude negatively impacts on person-centred care is one nurse too many. Conclusion We have explored some of the more contentious issues that can and do arise when nurses beliefs, values and attitudes do not correspond with those of their patients, and have examined the potential impact this can have on the quality of person-centred care provided. As little research has been carried out into this subject, it is not possible to quantify the scale of the problem, nor to accurately identify where it is most prevalent. However, it is safe to say that the dichotomy between delivering truly person-centred care, whilst reconciling challenges to the nurses own core beliefs and values is not one easily solved. Modern nurses are extensively trained and highly skilled professionals, with a wider remit and range of responsibilities than their predecessors. They are however fundamentally human, with the same character flaws and failings as anyone else. It is a completely human trait to be influenced by the information we perceive or receive about others, and everyone has innate beliefs and value systems and, whether we like it or not, innate prejudices. Although it would seem logical that professional nurses have a well-developed sense of understanding and equality, they also deal with a magnitude of very diverse people on a daily basis, generally having very limited time with each. Despite this, the majority of nurses deliver excellent, patient-focussed and person-centred care as a matter of course. Unfortunately there will always be a minority who do not. Nurse education programmes are constantly evolving to meet the shifting demands of health care, so it can only be hoped that recognising, challenging and improving unhelpful attitudes becomes an accepted part of nurse education, and becomes core to person-centred care provision. References/Bibliography: Baker J., Richards A. Campbell M. (2005). Nursing attitudes towards acute mental health care: development of a measurement tool. Journal of Advances Nursing. (49) (5) pp. 522-529. Brink E. Skott C. (2013). Caring about symptoms in person-centred care. Open Journal of Nursing (3) pp. 563-567. Chambers M., Guise V., Và ¤limà ¤ki M., Botelho M., Scott A., Staniulienà © V. Zanotti R. (2010). Nurses attitudes to mental illness: A comparison of a sample of nurses from five European countries. International Journal of Nursing Studies. (47) (3) pp. 350-362. Dorsen C. (2012). An integrative review of nurse attitudes towards lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. (44) (3) pp. 8-43. Draper J. Tetley J. (2013). The importance of person-centred approaches to nursing care. The Open University. (Online). Available:  http://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/nursing/the-Importance-person-centred-approaches-nursing-care. Last accessed 4 April 2015. Flagg A. (2015). The Role of Patient-Centered Care in Nursing. Nursing Clinics of North America. (50) (1) pp. 75-86. Hunter P., Hadjistavropoulos T., Smythe W., Malloy D., Kaasalainen S. Williams J. (2013). The Personhood in Dementia Questionnaire (PDQ): Establishing an association between beliefs about personhood and health providers approaches to person-centred care. Journal of Aging Studies. (27) (3) pp. 276-287. N.H.S. U.K. (2014). Consent to Treatment. N.H.S. Choices (Online). Available:  http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/consent-to-treatment/pages/introduction.aspx. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015 N.H.S. U.K. (2014). Assessing Capacity. N.H.S. Choices (Online). Available:  http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/consent-to-treatment/pages/capacity.aspx. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015. N.M.C. (2015). Conscientious objection by nurses and midwives. Nursing Midwifery Council (Online). Available:  http://www.nmc-uk.org/The-Code/Conscientious-objection-by-nurses-and-midwives-/. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015. Ouzouni C. Nakakis K. (2013). Nurses attitudes towards attempted suicide. Health Science Journal. (7) (1) pp. 120. Roberts G., Morley C., Walters W., Malta S. Doyle C. (2015). Caring for people with dementia in residential aged care: Successes with a composite person-centered care model featuring Montessori-based activities. Geriatric Nursing. (36) (2) pp.106-110. UK Government. (1967). Abortion Act 1967 (Scotland, England and Wales). The National Archives. (Online). Available:  http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015. UK Government. (1990). Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. The National Archives. (Online). Available:  http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/37/section/38. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015. Wood L., Birtel M., Alsawy S., Pyle M. Morrison A. (2014). Public perceptions of stigma towards people with schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. Psychiatry Research. (220) (1-2), pp. 604-608. Yun-e L., Norman I. While A. (2012). Nurses attitudes towards older people: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. (50) (9) pp.1271–1282.

Procedures, Parameters & Sub-programs :: essays research papers

Procedures, Parameters & Sub-Programs In any modern programming language, procedures play a vital role in the construction of any new software. These days, procedures are used instead of the old constructs of GOTO and GOSUB, which have since become obsolete. Procedures provide a number of important features for the modern software engineer:- Programs are easier to write. Procedures save a large amount of time during software development as the programmer only needs to code a procedure once, but can use it a number of times. Procedures are especially useful in recursive algorithms where the same piece of code has to be executed over and over again. The use of procedures allows a large and complex program to be broken up into a number of much smaller parts, each accomplished by a procedure. Procedures also provide a form of abstraction as all the programmer has to do is know how to call a procedure and what it does, not how it accomplishes the task. Programs are easier to read. Procedures help to make programs shorter, and thus easier to read, by replacing long sequences of statements with one simple procedure call. By choosing goo procedure names, even the names of the procedures help to document the program and make it easier to understand. Programs are easier to modify. When repeated actions are replaced by one procedure call, it becomes much easier to modify the code at a later stage, and also correct any errors. By building up the program in a modular fashion via procedures it becomes much easier to update and replace sections of the program at a later date, if all the code for the specific section is in a particular module. Programs take less time to compile. Replacing a sequence of statements with once simple procedure call usually reduces the compilation time of the program, so long as the program contains more than one reference to the procedure! Object programs require less memory. Procedures reduce the memory consumption of the program in two ways. Firstly they reduce code duplication as the code only needs to be stored once, but the procedure can be called many times. Secondly, procedures allow more efficient storage of data, because storage for a procedure's variables is allocated when the procedure is called and deallocated when it returns. We can divide procedures into two groups:- Function procedures, are procedures which compute a single value and whose calls appear in expressions For example, the procedure ABS is a function procedure, when given a number x, ABS computes the absolute value of x; a call of ABS appears in an expression,

Aborigines :: essays research papers

The Aborigines of Australia can be viewed in three different views. All cultures have the basic three different categories. These three categories form a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid is technology. Technology is anything the culture uses to aid themselves. In the middle of the pyramid is social system. The social system refers to the way they organize their society, and which roles everyone plays. At the top of the pyramid is world view. World view is they way the culture sees the world. This include their beliefs on creation and how they relate to the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First I’ll start at the bottom of the pyramid. The Aborigines like everyone else, have and use technology. Some of the types of technology they use include sticks for finding eggs. The men in their society wear loincloths, while the women wear shirts and pants. For fire, they rub two sticks together, and for art canvases they use an axe and cut the bark off of a tree. Although their technology seems primitive to us, it provides them with everything they need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next is their social system. In the Aborigine society, men are superior to women. The men are responsible for keeping the sacred traditions of their society alive. However, their population has dwindled so much, that for each different section of their religion, their is only one man who knows all the procedures. For example, only one man in the tribe knows the full laws and regulation that govern how the proper burial procedures go. When this man dies, there will be no one left to bury him, and properly send his soul to heaven.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Last is their world view. They believe that the world was created by other beings that came from the sea and gave life to the world. They also believe that different kinds of animals gave the geography to the land, shaping it after their own characteristics. An example of such, the winding path of the hills were created by the snake, who slithered his way through them. The Aborigines are very strict about following their guidelines according to their world view.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Essay -- essays research papers

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) One of the leading causes of mental retardation in the United States is fetal alcohol syndrome or FAS. Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance by pregnant women because it's legal and socially acceptable. A greater majority of young women are not aware of the complications that are involved with pregnancy. They see pregnancy as a way of bringing a life into the world but do not use the necessary safety measure in their dietary habits to prevent such damage or inhibitions of such a life. By continuing on their drinking binge throughout their pregnancy, they can cause an inexplicable damage to herself and the fetus she is carrying. In my opinion, any amount of alcohol combined with pregnancy can cause devastating effects to the fetus. "Neurobehavioral deficits have been found in infants whose mothers reported fewer than seven standard drinks a week, and the effects of drinking in early pregnancy (the first trimester) are among the more severe of alcohol's effects on the fetus, causing irreversible facial malformations and neurological damage" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). Lee Ann Kaskutas and Karen Graves believes that the precision of measurement of how much a woman drinks throughout pregnancy is very important to the assessment of fetal risk (2001). The title of their study, "Pre-pregnancy drinking: How drink size affects risk assessment", can help us conclude that the independent variables are the drink sizes and the dependent variable is the risk assessment. From the introduction section, I have learned that in the United States, American Indians and African Americans are at the highest risk for FAS. Even though there have been advances in research methodology, people can have a misconception on the concept of what is a standard drink. When asked how much they drank on previous surveys, previous participants had a misconception on the drink sizes. "This has implications for FAS risk assessment, as underestimates of alcohol consumptions could lead researchers to conclude that increasingly lower safe thresholds of consumption are called for" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). The authors found that half of the subjects under study have underestimated the amount of alcohol in their various drinks. The authors believed that most women ... ...ance on standard drinks results in considerable underestimation of alcohol consumption, especially among the heavier drinkers and those consuming higher alcohol content beverages" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). It is concluded in this research that standard drink sizes assume a much smaller size than self-defined drink sizes. The authors did note that this study has several limitations. First, their sample included only few white subjects with no Hispanics, Asians and other ethnic groups. Also, "the vessels methodology should be used with expanded samples to determine whether large drink sizes are represented among other groups of pregnant women" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). Future research could include specifications of standard drink size for different types of alcohol when assessing risk for FAS. "Consideration of drink size represents a promising avenue both for alcohol research and for alcohol prevention and education, with pregnant women and more broa dly with the general population" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). Reference Kaskutas, L.A., Graves, K. (2001). Pre-pregnancy: How drink sizes affects risk assessment. Addiction, Vol 96(8), 1199-1209.

American History X and Crash Movies

Movies, like any creative effort, reflect the time and the place in which they are created. Both American History X and Crash clearly address the concept of the American Dream and the way that people choose to live their lives. While they share this concept, however, American History X is a much darker film that explores the many and varied forms of hate. Stereotypes, prejudices, and racism are so much a part of everyday life that children are literally taught these things at the dinner table. Crash, on the other hand, shows a diverse collection of Americans trying to live their lives.Some of them are good and some are bad, but all are capable of change. The viewer ultimately takes away two things from these films. First, the viewer learns that the American Dream, as it is popularly perceived, is unachievable to most. Second, the viewer takes away the message that things are rarely what they seem. In the end, while neither film was a fun or â€Å"nice† film, both leave the vie wer perhaps thinking a bit more about the American experience and how it is experienced by members of different races. American History X, Crash, and Racism American History X is a film about prejudices and racism.According to Coury Turczyn, American History X is â€Å"the visceral meditation on American bigotry† (par. 6). Although this family seems to be a nice, â€Å"normal† suburban family, the children are being indoctrinated into the culture of hate by their father, who constantly denigrates members of other races. The film goes on to trace the actions of the members of this family in general, as well as the events that affect them. In particular, this film addresses the son who attempts to prevent his younger brother from becoming a neo-Nazi, just as he had been in the past.In contrast, Crash is not necessarily a film about racism. Rather, it is a film that uses racism as a backdrop as it examines how actions have a ripple effect that go beyond race relations. Th e movie brings together groups of seemingly unrelated individuals who, through their racially motivated actions, become associated through crimes of passion and violence. Unlike the individuals in the movie American History X, however, the movie Crash permits the characters to find redemption through their actions. American History XAt the beginning of this film, Derek, Danny, and the rest of their family seem to be living the American Dream. They live in a nice house in the suburbs, with a beautiful mom, a firefighter dad, and two other siblings. In the evenings, they sit down together at the dinner table to eat and talk. However, it is in the middle of this apparent domestic bliss that problems lurk. The dinner conversation is really the pivotal place where the viewer can see the kind of intolerance that Derek and Danny are taught by their father, Dennis, by all counts is a ‘nice guy.’ Dennis, the father, is a racist, as he demonstrates in his little spiel, and it bec omes apparent to the viewer that being open-minded is not a plus in this family. During one of these dinner conversations, Derek and his father discuss affirmative action and Derek’s teacher Sweeney. Dennis complains about â€Å"affirmative blaction shit [driving him] up the fucking wall,† complaining that â€Å"rappers† who score lower than other fighters who have nearly perfect scores â€Å"walk away with the job† (American History X). Dennis also complains about all of the classic books that have been replaced by â€Å"black† books.Even though Derek is very enthused by his teacher, his father warns him not to fall for the â€Å"nigger bullshit. † When dad is then killed in the line of duty and by a black man, this clears the way for Derek to become recruited by the vulture named Cameron. Cameron preys on weak kids, like Derek, so that he can bring them into the white power movement. From that time forward, the family begins to deteriorate and continues until Derek is released from prison. Their living arrangement has become dismal. Mom is sickly. However, Derek has seen the light in prison so to speak and begins to turn his life around.Director David McKenna explains clearly in an interview what he was trying to do with the movie. He explains that as a child he was aware of bigotry in his community, which influenced him to later write about people who possessed such beliefs. He comments that, the point he was trying to make with this movie â€Å"is that a person is not born a racist. It is learned through environment and the people that surround you† (Virtual Pew Daily). According to The Virtual Pew Daily, McKenna was intrigued by the question of why people hate. His theory that hate begins at home (Virtual Pew Daily) is tested in this film.McKenna brings this theory to American History X by showing that the family that appears to have the American Dream by the tail before their father Dennis dies, in fact, d oes not. Things progressively worsen after his death. Eventually, Derek goes on to make speeches that seem to echo his father, to recruit new members to white supremacy. In one of these speeches, Derek talks about the famous inscription on the Statue of Liberty, which begins â€Å"Give me your tired, your hungry, your poor. † Derek explains to his listeners that it's Americans who are tired and hungry and poor.And I say, until you take care of that, close the fucking book. ‘Cause we're losing. We're losing our rights to pursue our destiny. We're losing our freedom. So that a bunch of fucking foreigners can come in here and exploit our country. [. . . ] It's happening right here, right in our neighborhood, right in that building behind you† (American History X). This speech clearly shows how Derek’s view of his fellow Americans has been shaped by his father, in that his words nearly echo those spoken by his father at the dinner table. While Derek believes in the American Dream, he believes in it only for certain people, not for all people.Derek makes false and broad generalizations about our country and people, which a lot of people believe even today. It is for this reason that these arguments work so well. McKenna uses his film to criticize this kind of hate. The symbol that he uses for hatred is the swastika, which becomes a twisted sort of cross once Derek gets out of prison. This film also shows how people tend to look at things in black and white, in what Siddens calls â€Å"role rigidity† (10). Derek’s worldview is rigidly black and white during everything leading up to prison; he is rigidly locked into a role that â€Å"permeates [his] life† (10).In a not terribly subtle bit of symbolism, the film is done in black and white during this time. After Derek undergoes his transformation in prison, changing his role sufficiently to see people as individuals, the film becomes color as Derek’s world becomes color. His world becomes, in many ways, a lot less clear, a lot messier but better. Because McKenna both directed and filmed this movie, it cannot help but reflect his vision of the world. However, McKenna uses this film to make a good argument for his theses: that racism is prevalent in Middle America and that racism begins at home.Crash The movie Crash, on the other hand, has a broader focus than American History X. Instead of focusing on a single set of related protagonists, Crash is a series of short vignettes that all intersect at some crucial point in order to make the viewer question his or her beliefs. Rather than being â€Å"merely† about racism, the movie Crash is also about the lack of human love that human beings show to each other. The director is apparently stating that his lack of human love springs from a lack of connectedness with each other.As one of the characters, Graham, states at the beginning of the film: It's the sense of touch. In any real city, you w alk, you know? You brush past people, people bump into you. In L. A. , nobody touches you. We're always behind this metal and glass. I think we miss that touch so much, that we crash into each other, just so we can feel something† (Crash). The plot of the movie Crash seems to be that people are not always what they appear to be on their surface. In America, through various racist acts, Americans are more likely to do harm to others than to do good.Just as the viewer may be shocked by the portrayal of a firefighter in American History X, the viewer is also shocked by the characters in Crash. However, Crash is more about the understanding that develops between people and the redemption that can come from it. In American History X, Derek finally comes to understand true nature of a world that is neither all black nor all white. Unfortunately, by the time he does and begins to make amends, his brother Danny has to die. Some acts we simply cannot take back. Unlike this dismal fate, however, the characters of Crash show the viewer that we can all change our ways and find redemption.Even when the viewer hates the character, the film takes us closer to help us understand why the character might have done what he or she did. The film provides us a glimpse in order to achieve empathy. Empathy and redemption are the main themes of the film. In some cases, the viewer’s stereotypes are proven true as in the case of this dialogue. At one point in the film, two young black men discuss their theory as to the people of the neighborhood fear them, coming to the conclusion that it is because they are â€Å"the only two black faces surrounded by a sea of over-caffeinated white people, patrolled by the triggerhappy LAPD† (Crash).According to the movie, Crash, everyone has prejudice. This prejudice is demonstrated in a conversation between Graham, a black man, and Ria, his Puerto Rican girlfriend. In this conversation, Ria angrily suggests that she will give Gra ham a â€Å"geography lesson,† stating that her father is from Puerto Rico and her mother is from El Salvador, neither of which is Mexico. Graham replies that he guesses that â€Å"the big mystery is, who gathered all those remarkably different cultures together and taught them all how to park their cars on their lawns† (Crash)Steve Wessler, founder of the Center for the Prevention of Hate Violence notes that even stereotypes that are usually inside a person can eventually be aired. He is quoted as saying that: Even though such attitudes reside beneath the surface, they have the potential to bubble up–and progress from there. Stereotypes are not static [. . . ] If you're stereotyping a person of color in negative ways and not thinking of him or her as an individual, it makes it much easier to treat that person poorly.I don't think that I investigated a hate crime at a school that did not begin with the lower level of slurs and stereotypes and then escalated† (U. S. News) In its series of vignettes, Crash displays a cross-section of the American public, showing characters that range from rich and miserable to those who are family-oriented and poor. Not a single character in this movie remains unaffected by prejudice, either in his or her own behavior or in the events that are put into motion by the prejudice of others. ConclusionBoth American History X and Crash use racial prejudice as the motivating force for the actions of the plot. The manner in which they make use of this motivating force, however, is quite different. While American History X is a bleak film that speaks of the inevitability of the fate of prejudice reaching across the generations, Crash expresses the idea that human beings are capable of both empathy and redemption, no matter who the individual is or how flawed he or she might be. If anything, these films make the viewer question what the American dream really is and who is living it.Both of them explore the issue s of race, ethnicity and gender very well. Neither of these films shows much distinction between good and evil: everyone does good, and everyone does bad. Each one of us has both qualities inside of us and displays them at various points of our lives. Every person, no matter what he or she has done, is capable of love and redemption. This capability is what makes us human. The willingness to share this love and redemption, despite the race or ethnicity of those around us, is what it should mean to be American. Works Cited American History X. â€Å"Memorable Quotes.† IMdB. com. 1998. . This listing on IMdB. com provides links to a variety of reviews from both professional reviewers and by individuals who wish to review the film American History X. In addition to reviews, the site also lists links to such items as â€Å"goofs,† trivia and memorable quotes that have been noted by these sources. Crash. IMdB. com. . 2005. This listing on IMdB. com provides links to a variet y of reviews from both professional reviewers and by individuals who wish to review the film Crash.In addition to reviews, the site also lists links to such items as â€Å"goofs,† trivia and memorable quotes that have been noted by these sources. Siddens, Paul J. â€Å"Using the Feature Film â€Å"American History X† to Teach Principles of Self-Concept in the Introduction to Interpersonal Communication Course. 2000. . Turczyn, Coury. â€Å"History Lesson. † 2005. . This web site provides a commentary about the movie Crash.U. S. News and World Report. â€Å"Don’t Race to Judgment. † 2007. This article provides some interesting connections between the movie Crash and real life. Virtual Pew Daily, The. Interview with David McKenna. 18 August 2007. . This site contains some very intriguing commentary about the movie and the symbols in it, complete with pictures explaining each stage Derek goes through. It also contains an interview with director Davi d McKenna.