Project Management And How Project Managers Deal With...

There have been numerous studies conducted in regards to the impact of impossible deadlines, and stakeholder engagement, but there were limited studies done on resource deprivation. The results of these studies vary in regards to the exact impact these things have on a successful project. The following literature reviews contains some of the studies I examined in order to address the problems between project management and how project managers’ deal with managing expectations. In 2013, Cioloca, Cecilia; Georgescu, Mihai; Curteanu, Mihai, published a scholarly journal Academy of Economic Studies, in which he examined the downfall and requirements of software projects. The key elements of any project relates to the cost of the project, scheduling, quality assurance and project goals. When organizations have poor project managers in place it increases the failure rate of that project. All projects have risk associated with them, so it is important to review the requirements. The four risks linked to projects are requirements related, cost related risks, schedule related risks, and quality related risks (Cioloca; Georgescu; Curteanu, 2013). As a result, in order to address any risks that appear during a software development, risk management has to be in place. In 2000, Eden, C; Williams, T; Ackermann, F; Howick, S, published a scholarly journal on The Journal of the Operational Research Society. The article addresses disruptions and delays andShow MoreRelatedProject Management And How Project Managers Deal With Managing Expectations Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesto address the problems between project management and how project managers’ deal with managing expectations. Three of the many problems that project managers deal with while managing expectations are lack of stakeholder engagement, impossible deadlines, and resource deprivation. The project manager should be a leader who is able to organize, plan a successful project with specific goals, m otivate, and demand maximum results. As a project manager, your expectations must be clearly defined and theRead MoreThe Importance Of A Project Manager On A Construction Site1052 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1. Investigation A project is one which has a start and end to it but for a project to start there is lot of planning is done much before the actual project is started, the project manager is the one who has everything on his shoulders from start to end and even after the end if further assistance is required to the client. There are basically ten things that a project manager on a construction site has to take care of, planning the work, hiring and firing of employers, supervising the workRead MoreStakeholder Management Plan For Managing Stakeholder1289 Words   |  6 Pages 1. MANAGING STAKEHOLDER EXPECTATIONS 1.1. DEFINITION OF A STAKEHOLDER Before we go in depth into managing stakeholder expectations, we need to know what exactly a stakeholder means in terms of project management. Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the project s objectives and outcomes. 1.2. STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENTRead MoreStakeholder Management Plan For A Stakeholder1375 Words   |  6 Pages Table of Contents 1. MANAGING STAKEHOLDER EXPECTATIONS 2 1.1. DEFINITION OF A STAKEHOLDER 2 1.2. STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT PLAN 2 1.2.1. IDENTIFY STAKEHOLDERS 2 1.2.2. ANALYZE STAKEHOLDERS 4 1.2.3. PRIORITIZE STAKEHOLDERS 5 1.2.4. ENGAGE STAKEHOLDERS 6 1.3. TIPS TO MANAGE STAKEHOLDER EXPECTATION 7 1.4. CONCLUSION 8 1.5. REFERENCES 8 1. MANAGING STAKEHOLDER EXPECTATIONS 1.1. DEFINITION OF A STAKEHOLDER Before we go in depth into managing stakeholder expectations, we need to know what exactlyRead MoreManaging Your Boss846 Words   |  4 Pages ID :- apatil4 Case 2 (Managing Your Boss) 1) List the issues and their importance to Project Management, why are they. 2) Are these points only applicable to your relationship with your boss? If so, why and if not, in what other scenario would these be applicable and why? Ans 1) Managing your boss or the relationship is an important part to the Project Management. If you are a Project Manager, then there are many issues to be taken care of in case of â€Å"Managing Your Boss†. Here are few issues:a)Read MoreCommunication And Collaboration ( Chinyio And Akintoye 2008 )1542 Words   |  7 Pages4.3.1 Communication and collaboration (Chinyio and Akintoye 2008) The participants were asked a variety of questions about stakeholder management and engagement. All participants indicated that communication is the best means of engaging with stakeholders and managing their expectations. The company uses different means of communication to different stakeholders. For example, with internal stakeholder’s emails, phone and face to face communication is often used. However participants highlighted thatRead MoreStakeholder Management : A Common View1738 Words   |  7 Pagesparticular project by adding whatever identified approach that apply to the project. 4.4 Stakeholder management challenges Stakeholder management is not without challenges. Effective management of stakeholders faces a number of difficulties as identified by the participants to the study despite the standards and available frameworks for managing and engaging with stakeholders. In an ideal world, these standards would work perfectly without any flaws but the world is not ideal at least the project managementRead MoreProject Management : A Successful Project Manager885 Words   |  4 Pages1. Successful project managers possesses the following characteristics: They are visionary with a clear objective, they communicate with their team about their objectives, how to achieve and distributing the responsibilities. Thereby, making a feasible road map to achieve the objective. They are structured; work on proper alignment, creating a feasible and workable environment with clear objective, motive and proper direction. Making plan layout and action plans and executing as per the plan properlyRead MoreProject Cost Management1667 Words   |  7 Pages|MBA 513 – Project Cost Management | |Project Manager: Manager or Leader? | |How the collaboration of management and leadership skills makes a great Project Manager. | | Ednaline Concepcion | |12/12/2009 Read MoreStrategic Plan Analysis: Automation Consulting Services1037 Words   |  5 PagesServices (ACS) are meeting in the weekend, as they have done twice a year for the past six years, to discuss how business is going and to plan the future. ACS has four offices, one in Boston, one in Philadelphia, one in Detroit and one in San Jose. Before the three founding partners met they visited all four offices and discussed the situation at each office with the partners and managers at each office. During Saturday and Sunday they discuss their concerns and ideas they came across while visiting

Medea Essay - 1654 Words

Susan Smith murdered her own two children in 1994. Kathleen Folbigg killed her only child in 1998. Caro Socorro killed her three children in 1999. And in 431 B.C. the fictional character, Medea, murderedmurdured her own two sons. When hearing about these extreme atrocities we are repulsed. What sane mother could murder her own children? But thats just the point isnt it, no sane mother would kill her own young. No, each of these women had underlying psychological issues that led to them committing these unnatural, morally wrong acts. Susan was rejected by her lover, Kathleens father had brutally murdered her mother, Caro was a victim of a failed marital relationship, whilst in Euripides play, Medea was not only rejected and a victim of a†¦show more content†¦The shocking addition of having a mother slaughter her own children makes a dark story even darker, it deepens the revenge and shocks the moral of the audience. Euripides manipulates the audience through traditional Greek play techniques to increase the intensity of the revenge, by playing with our thoughts and inviting his audience to question the way their society lives. Through the Chorus of Corinthian women Euripides directs the audiences view of Medea. Throughout the play the Chorus voices their opinion, influencing the audience to their point. Originally the Chorus celebrates Medeas desire for revenge, chanting â€Å"To punish Jason will be just† (line 267, p. 25), the audience agrees with the Chorus, Jason should be punished. Once the Chorus become aware of her intentions they turn against her, attempting to make her see reason and in the final ode they condemn her while acknowledging that her actions are the manifestation of a greater power and thereby re enforce Euripides tragic theme. The Choruss 5 stasimons and short interventions during the play direct the audiences thoughts and opinions. As a tragic heroine Medea is a creation unique to Euripides, the psychological study of a wom an entirely consumed by love and hate. He reminds us that her love for Jason resulted in the betrayal of her father, the murder of her brother and the murder of Pelias. Rejected, mocked and betrayed, her pride and hatred of Jason cause the destructionShow MoreRelatedMedea1328 Words   |  6 Pages Is Medea Justified In Her Actions? Is the killing of anyone ever justified? Is the life of one individual more important than another? In Euripides, Medea, Medea kills the princess of Corinth, the king of Corinth, Creon, as well as her own children. Are her actions the actions of an insane, distraught person or those of wise, foreign, barbaric woman trying to protect her children? Through the story of Medea, Medea justifies the killing of others while several other characters portray theRead MoreAnalysis Of Medea813 Words   |  4 Pagesfear. The Greek play, Medea, illustrates this idea of the plight of the foreigner, through the native Greek characters’ treatment of Medea, who is an outsider. Medea faces scorn and opposition, and yet she is both thought to be unintelligent, and horrifying at the same time. Medea’s interaction with the Greek characters reveals their own belief of their superiority as well as their unwavering faith in the barbarian manner of the outsiders. In Act I, Creon comes to inform Medea of her exile. At firstRead MoreThe Tragedy of Medea677 Words   |  3 PagesMedea is a tragic Greek story opening up with a crisis. Medea is a widow in an emotional wreck. There is a reason why she is like this but there is always more to it than meets the eye. So what is the meaning of this play why does she act this way? All the sources seem to think that the Gods made her do it and her love passion. In the Medea play it starts with her having a crisis. Her husband Jason has divorced her and remarried. She is raising her two sons alone now. The nurse and tutor areRead MoreEssay on The Evil Character Medea in Euripides Medea585 Words   |  3 PagesThe Evil Character Medea in Euripides Medea Euripides created a two-headed character in this classical tragedy. Medea begins her marriage as the ideal loving wife who sacrificed much for her husbands safety. At the peak of the reading, she becomes a murderous villain that demands respect and even some sympathy. By the end, the husband and wife are left devoid of love and purpose as the tragedy closes. In Medea, a woman betrays her homeland because of her love for a man. Jason is the husbandRead MoreThemes of Medea1751 Words   |  8 Pages2011 Medea Video Project Analysis The â€Å"Medean† Hillbillies Euripides’ Medea is classified an ancient Greek tragedy. However, this story is much more than a tragedy. The story of Medea is one that definitely grabs the reader’s attention through both its text and its themes. The themes that the story of Medea presents are very practical and still continue to exist in humanity today. The three largest and most obvious themes that a reader is most likely to find and relate to while reading Medea areRead MorePassions In Medea1295 Words   |  6 Pagesthan they do in the modern age. Passion in the ancient world tended to have a negative connotation. Often, ancient passions led to sins or unhappiness. In Greek mythology, divine beings could not control their passions as Euripides wrote about in Medea. However, Buddhists see passions as undesirable, and they take steps to suppress their passions to achieve enlightenment. Christianity instructs followers to control their passions, however they do not restrict them to the extent that B uddhists doRead MoreMedea, By Euripides The Catcher Of The Myth Of Jason And Medea1176 Words   |  5 PagesPlaywright, Euripides, composes the tragedy, Medea, on the bases of the myth of Jason and Medea in around 400 BC. Medea portrays the position of women within that time period in Greek culture. The Greeks did not see women as equal citizens within the time period of Medea’s composition. The Greek culture considered women as submissive servants, whom did not have a place in politics. Women in that period of history were greatly dependent of their husbands. The author, Euripides, capitalizes on thisRead MoreComparing Medea And Seneca s Medea1784 Words   |  8 PagesMedea is a popular and influential play which has been revitalized by many authors on their versions of the story; telling the story of Medea who s seeking revenge against her husband Jason. In this essay I will be discussing the ways in which Seneca s Medea responds to the original by Euripides. Exploring k ey themes such as emotion, exile, revenge and the roles of the characters and chorus between both of these plays. I will also be making a connection with this historically by analyzing theRead MoreJason Medea897 Words   |  4 PagesHow do Jason s feelings at the end of the play differ from those revealed in other encounters? In their first encounter, Jason appears to be trying to make himself feel as if he is better than Medea, and as if he is the bigger person than she, â€Å"You no doubt hate me: but I could never bear ill-will to you† implies that he is a better person for helping her even though she hates him – and that even after all that s happened and all she has said he still â€Å"could never bear ill-will†. He continuesRead More Medea Essay2057 Words   |  9 Pages Title of work- Medeanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Country/Culture- Greeknbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Literary Period- Classicalnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nb

Prevention For Opioid Drug Abuse Example For Students

Prevention For Opioid Drug Abuse On April 2, Kathleen Errico of Haverhill woke up at 3:45a.m. To find that her 23-year-old daughter, Kelsey Endicott, had lost her life due to a heroin overdose. Kelsey leaves behind her family and a son, whose second birthday is soon approaching. Ms. Errico shares that her daughter, â€Å"turned to drugs to make her feel normal,† and that Kelsey wasn’t aware of how heroin, â€Å"would devastate her family and tear it apart, how it would take her job and leave her penniless, or how it would steal her son from her arms.† Kelsey’s son now lives with Ms. Errico (MacQuarrie and Farragher). Unfortunately, cases such as Kelsey’s are becoming increasingly common in Massachusetts, calling for a much-needed resolution to the opioid epidemic. Drugs contributing to the opioid epidemic include heroin as well as prescription painkillers such as morphine, hydrocodone, codeine, oxycodone, and fentanyl (â€Å"Opioid Addiction†). In Massachusetts, the number of opioid-related hospital visits has roughly doubled from 2007 to 2014, with 31,000 visits in 2007 rising to a staggering 57,000 visits in 2014 (Freyer). A notable increase can also be seen in the number of opioid-related fatalities in the state. The year 2000 ended with a total of 338 unintentional fatal opioid overdoses in Massachusetts (â€Å"United States†). The number of opioid-related deaths has continued to rise each year with 561 fatalities in 2008, 603 fatalities in 2011, 668 fatalities in 2012, 911 fatalities in 2013, and 1,099 fatalities in 2014 (â€Å"United States†). This data represents a 21% increase in the number of unintentional fatal opioid overdoses from the year 2013 to 2014, and a 65% increase from 2012 to 2014 (â€Å"United States †). The increase in the number of opioid-related deaths in recent years has also shown to be more prevalent in certain areas of the state. Freyer shares, â€Å"The Berkshires, Southeastern Massachusetts, and the Lawrence-Lowell area have the highest concentrations of residents who visited the hospital with opioid-related problems.† All age groups are affected by opioid abuse and it has been found that those earning less that $50,000 a year are more apt to be affected (Freyer). The amount of opioid medications prescribed as well as the immense availability of heroin is driving this epidemic. Opioid painkillers prescribed by physicians have shown to contribute to the opioid epidemic. While opioids were once only regularly prescribed to patients battling cancer and other terminal illnesses, there has been an increase in use of opioids to treat musculoskeletal problems, sciatica, and low-back pain (Friedman). With a rise in the number of conditions using painkillers to combat pain, more and more opioid prescriptions are being distributed to patients. In fact, the medical use of opioids has multiplied by ten in the past twenty years, with about half of all prescriptions prescribed by pain specialists now being opioid pain relievers (Friedman). Addiction to these medications has become increasingly more common due in part to the immense amount of opioids that are in circulation throughout the public. In the United States, an estimated 259 million opioid prescriptions were written in 2012, which would allow every American adult a separate bottle of medication (â€Å"Opioid Ad diction†). Along with the massive amount of opioid prescriptions that are being prescribed, the abundant availability of heroin is driving this epidemic. Heroin is both easily obtained and is inexpensive (Freyer). When the supply of an opioid painkiller is cut short, heroin can become a cheaper alternative for someone struggling with opioid addiction. Both the availability of heroin and the amount of opioid painkillers being distributed can be to blame for driving this epidemic. As seen in the number of opioid-related deaths in recent years, more and more families are now being affected by opioid abuse. Families are being torn apart while individuals are losing their lives to opioid overdoses. Studies have shown that those who are addicted to opioids live approximately fifteen years less than people who are not addicted to the painkillers (â€Å"Findings of Opioid Task Force†). In addition to this, individuals addicted to opioids are at a higher risk for developing liver disease, HIV infection, and Hepatitis C (â€Å"Findings of Opioid Task Force†). Effects of opioid abuse have also been observed to affect children. Freyer shares that in Massachusetts, â€Å"The rate of babies born dependent on opioids increased more than fivefold from 2004 to 2013, and in 2009 was 3 times the national average.† These numbers will continue to rise if steps are not taken to try and prevent the progression of this epidemic. Is Marijuana A Solution For The Opioid Epidemic?The impact of mass media campaigns has also been observed in Australia. A study in Australia assessed the effectiveness of the media campaign â€Å"SunSmart† in regard to the prevention of skin cancer (Wakefield, Loken, and Hornik). The company encourages and promotes the wearing of protective clothing, the use of sunscreen, and the avoidance of direct sunlight during high ultraviolet periods (Wakefield, Loken, and Hornik). Various forms of advertising were used throughout the campaign. The fifteen-year study found that there was a reduction in the prevalence of melanoma in the areas exposed to the campaign, especially among young individuals (Wakefield, Loken, and Hornik). This fifteen-year study in Australia displays the great influence that media campaigns are capable of. While mass media campaigns have proven to be effective in producing positive changes in society, some people would argue that they take years to produce any significant change. Although media campaigns can in fact take time to result in substantial change, the overall effect that a mass media campaign would have on the opioid epidemic would be worthwhile. With the continued efforts of various treatment facilities for opioid abuse in Massachusetts, the use of media campaigning would function to educate the public on the dangers of opioid misuse and would consequently reduce the negative effects that opioid abuse has on society. One alternative solution to preventing opioid abuse in Massachusetts is limiting the amount of opioid painkillers prescribed to patients. Recently, an opioid bill has been passed in Massachusetts that aims to prevent the misuse of opioid painkillers. This bill limits a seven-day supply of medication for initial opioid prescriptions in the state (Miller). By doing so, the bill would help decrease the number of opioid painkillers in circulation throughout the public. A decrease in availability of opioids would help to prevent the start of opioid abuse among individuals. Although the bill could reduce the start of opioid abuse, it would not prevent those who are already addicted to opioids from seeking more medication. Individuals that are already addicted to opioids may turn to heroin when supplies of other opioid painkillers are cut short. A mass media campaign would better serve in preventing opioid abuse, as it would target those already affected by opioid abuse, those at risk for b eing affected, and the general public.

Pearl Harbor A Date of Infamy an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Pearl Harbor: A Date of Infamy Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with the government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleagues delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack. On December 7, 1941, a date of infamy according to FDR, the Japanese launched an attack on the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor on Hawaiis island of Oahu. The attack destroyed 18 ships and almost 200 planes and caused about 3,700 American casualties. The attack was a complete surprise to the U.S. government, but some historians, especially revisionists, believe that: Need essay sample on "Pearl Harbor: A Date of Infamy" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed FDR intentionally lured the Japanese into attacking the U.S. by provoking them He knew that the target was Pearl Harbor President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to enter the war in Europe, but the problem was the mood of the country. These anti-war views were shared by 80 percent of the American public from 1940 to 1941. Though Germany had occupied most of Europe, Americans did not want to get involved with Europes War. Revisionists argue Roosevelt was convinced that luring Japan into an attack on the U.S. was the sole choice he had in 1941 to overcome the powerful non-interventionist movement led by aviation hero Charles Lindbergh. Furthermore, some revisionists believe that Japans military plans were obtained in advance by the United States FDR and that he even knew the target would be Pearl Harbor but tried to conceal the information from the Hawaiian military commanders. Historians will never know for sure what was on FDRs mind, and it may be true that FDR lured the Japanese into attacking the U.S. so that it would give him the excuse to join the war, but to claim that he knew that when and where th e attack was going to take a place is nothing more than falsification or distortion of the facts. Students Frequently Tell Us: I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I don't have the time Specialists recommend: Academic Papers For Sale Buy Essay Online Reviews I Need Someone To Write My Essay For Me Hire People To Write Papers Online Essay Writing Jobs For Students Some conspiracy theorists even dare to claim that FDR wanted war not because he wanted to fight Germany, but because he wanted to hide the failure of the New Deal in order to turn peoples attention away from the New Deal to the war. They even go on further by stating that FDR was a traitor to the nation before the war, and he surely forced us into war to save his commie friends in the Soviet Union. It may be true that FDR wanted America to fight militarist aggression in Europe. FDR indeed was a skilled politician who would take advantage of any opportunity to serve his agenda. However, to claim that this is evidence of conspiracy is simply wrong. A shortcoming of the conspiracy theory is that there was no guarantee that Germany would declare war on America. And the idea that the US would engage war on Germany was not popular at the time. The feeling in Congress and much of the nation was one war at a time, and. Roosevelts Date of Infamy speech on December 8th did not mention Germany or any European nation. His speech did not indicate that we planned to add the Nazis to our list of enemies. Throughout this paper, I will list the claims made by so-called conspiracy theorists and explain why their claims are simply not true or circumstantial at best. There has been a lot of debates regarding the ability of Allies to break enemy codes. The conspiracy theorists claim that FDR wanted the U.S. in the war so much that he purposely withheld information in order to lure the Japanese into attacking Pearl Harbor. After all, they argue that the Pearl Harbor was too attractive for the Japanese to pass. The Conspiracy Theorists lacked knowledge of the methods and processes in signals intelligence work. The process of intelligence collection requires a lot of effort and work even for misleading and incomplete messages. Even though the code has been broken, it takes time to decode and to translate the message to English. Then, translation needs to be verified. If the message requires attention, it is then passed up to the chain of command. Also, there was no central clearinghouse for message analysis -- the navy, army and state departments all had independent operations. It is no wonder that no one had a clear, let alone a complete picture of the messages available. Also, the conspiracy theorists argue that the "Fourteen-part message", which the Japanese ambassador was going to deliver to the U.S. Secretary of State a half hour before the attack on Pearl Harbor, was a declaration of war, or at least a breaking off of diplomatic relations which would have signaled war. But the truth is that the message was not decoded and delivered in a timely manner, and as we all know, intelligence has little value unless it can be delivered in a timely manner. On December 6, 1941, U.S. code-breaking groups intercepted a fourteen-part message from the Japanese government to its American ambassador. The code-breaking service began intercepting a fourteen part message from the Japanese but only decoded the first thirteen parts. The Americans believed Japan was going to attack somewhere in Southeast Asia. The next day the remaining part of the message was deciphered. It mentioned that diplomatic relations with the United States were to be severed. After learning t his, the United States War Department sent out an alert, but it was about four hours too late When Pearl Harbor was under the attack, the carriers Enterprise and Yorktown were returning from Wake Island and Midway. The conspiracy theorists claim that the old and obsolete battleships were left while the important and vital aircraft carriers were hidden. It is true that naval strategists started looking at aircraft carriers. In the interwar years, there was a small, but vocal aircraft enthusiasts who were convinced that aircraft would dominate naval warfare. However, the military, and the navy, in particular, do not take new views well. Only after several trials, demonstrations, and war games, the utility of carrier-borne aircraft was demonstrated well enough to build some of the ships and place them in the fleet. However, the roles of these ships were limited to the support of battleships and heavy cruisers. Their role would be to scout, set up air defense, and to raid lighter craft. Even in the Japanese navy, same ideas were shared. All of the plans in the southwest Pacific had the fleet supporting landings and waiting in the Philippines for the USN fleet to arrive for battle. In this battle, the role of Japanese carriers was to harass the Americans on their approach, but not to be used in a strike role. Yamatos plan to cripple the American fleet at Pearl Harbor was not very popular with the majority of the IJN leadership. It was regarded as a high-risk endeavor, but it was also the only plan that anyone could come up with that took the initiative in attacking the American fleet. So, no navy anywhere in the world had viewed the carrier as the main force for projecting power. A huge debt is owed to Nimitz and Halsey for developing the methods of using carriers as the main strike element. But in the end analysis, Halsey and Nimitz were forced to do this because they had no battle line to fall back on. The absence of American carriers at Pearl Harbor is not a conspiracy. One area where the conspiracy theorists may have a good point is how the two commanders were treated after the events of December 7. Often, it is far more important to assess blame than to identify a problem and to try to fix it. Admiral Kimmel and General Short were held responsible and disgraced by the events of December 7. People wanted a scapegoat and the government gave them two. But the fact remains that even if they had information regarding the attack, they would have needed at least several hours, if not a week or two to develop a plan. Although it is the responsibility of the commanders to safeguard their troops, it is also often not solely their fault when things go wrong. Short and particularly Kimmel could not possibly do more than what they had done. They did not deserve to have their reputations and careers ruined. The conspiracy theorists argue that the reason why many of the documents from World War II are still classified is the evidence that the government is still trying to hide conspiracy surrounding the Pearl Harbor attack. The problem with declassifying these documents is that there are literally hundreds of feet of documents that were classified right after the war in fear that the new enemy, the Soviet Union, might get something valuable. So the military, state department and anyone else with a streak of paranoia were allowed to place blanket classifications on those documents. By law, each must be reviewed by multiple levels of bureaucracy before declassification can occur. The losses suffered at Pearl Harbor were a severe blow to the US military. 2403 were killed and this included 68 civilians. 1178 were wounded. Airpower in Hawaii took a beating as naval aviation lost 13 fighters, 21 scout bombers, and 46 patrol planes. The Army air losses were even higher as 18 bombers (including 4 B-17s) and 59 fighters were destroyed. Of course, the loss in fighting ships great. All of the battleships were damaged, all but two were either total losses or severely damaged. In addition to these losses, 3 light cruisers and 3 destroyers were also destroyed. We will never know what really was on FDRs mind. Maybe, it is true that he was desperately looking ways to stop Germany, and that his way into the war was through Japan, not Germany. However, Roosevelt's only fault was that he failed to prompt effective action. He was guilty of negligence. Poor communications, inefficient intelligence gathering and dissemination systems, poor rules of engagement and a totally inadequate or lack of command structure is what caused the Pearl Harbor disaster. It was not a conspiracy. It was simply a nation and a government operating on inadequate information making assumptions that were not valid about an enemy who was more capable than we had anticipated. References Harold I. Gullan, "Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall Prepare for War, 1938-41," Presidential Studies Quarterly 28.3 (1998): 510 Hilary Conroy, and Harry Wray, eds., Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990) iii Karl G. Larew, "December 7, 1941: The Day No One Bombed Panama," The Historian 66.2 (2004) Thomas A. Breslin, "Mystifying the Past: Establishment Historians and the Origins of the Pacific War," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars8.4 (1976): 18 "VA Vows Not to Forget Pearl Harbor; Programs for Employees to Explore Veterans in History." The Washington Times 23 Nov. 2002: A01. Warren F. Kimball, "Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II," Presidential Studies Quarterly 34.1 (2004)